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Moa Martinson, born Helga Maria Swarts, (2November 18905August 1964) was one of Sweden's most noted authors of proletarian literature. Her ambition was to change society with her authorship and to portray the conditions of the working class, but also the personal development of women. Her works were about motherhood, love, poverty, politics, religion, urbanization and the hard living conditions of the working-class woman. == Early life == Martinson was born on 2November 1890 in Vårdnäs, Linköping Municipality. Her mother was Kristina Swartz (sometimes spelt Christina Schwartz) who served as a maid wherever jobs were available. There are no legal records stating who her father was,〔 but according to researchers Annika Johansson and Bonnie Festin, he was probably Anders Teodor Andersson, a farmhand who served at the Kärr farm in Motala at the same time as Swartz. Since she carried, was what in those days was referred to as an illegitimate child, she had to go to her parents home for the birth. Swartz' father, Nils Peter Swartz, was a poor soldier who lived with his wife, Carin Olofsdotter, in a derelict croft in Vårdnäs.〔〔〔 Three months after the child was born, she sued Andersson for child support on 17February 1891 at the Motala district court, where two witnesses testified that they had seen Swartz and Andersson in the same bed around the time the child would have been conceived.〔 Andersson failed to appear in court in February as well as on the two following hearings. Swartz finally said that he had gone to America and the proceedings were stayed. The identity of her father was unknown to Martinson her entire life, but her speculations about who it could be were an inspiration for her work. In her book ''Pigmamman'' ("''The Maid Mother''") she portrays her mother's situation, pregnant with a married man's child. At one point she thought that her father was a married man, whom her mother had worked for.〔 Her romantic view of her mysterious father decreased as time went by. In her book ''Mor gifter sig'' (''My Mother Gets Married''), written twelve years later, it became clear how much Martinson despised her absent father. In ''Fjäderbrevet'' (''The Feather Letter''), written another six years later, there is no mentioning of him at all. During the first years of her life, Martinson lived with her paternal grandparents and their youngest daughter Hulda while Swartz worked. In 1892, her grandfather became ill and died and her grandmother could no longer take care of Martinson so she went to live with her mother. There is no record of where they lived until 1894, when they moved to Norrköping. Swartz earned very little money. In 1894–1896, she worked at Norrköping's wool weaving mills, where working conditions were extremely bad and wages low. In Martinson's book ''Kvinnor och äppleträd'' ("''Women and Apple Trees''"), which is set in Norrköping, she described the hard and ruthless situation that she and her mother was in during the 1890s. Because of the book, Martinson was accused for denigration by right-wing critics, but Martinson said that what she did was the opposite. At the age of fifteen, she trained to become a pantry chef. In 1906, Martinson moved to Stockholm in the hope of getting a job, but it turned out to be harder than she expected. During the financial depression of 1907–1909, she had to move back to Norrköping. At this time, she followed events related to concerns about the labour market. This period of Martinson's life had a significant impact on her political engagement. She also wrote poems and sent a collection to a notary interested in literature, but her work was rejected. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Moa Martinson」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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